Grammar

1.  Exploit context/ topic – never teach grammar out of context.

2.  Elicit target language (from listening/ reading) or provide example(s) in context.

3.  Ask questions to focus on meaning. Are they talking about the past, present or future?

4.  Ask questions to focus on form or simply explain form. What comes after the verb? Is that a verb, adjective or preposition?

5.  Offer tools to help clarify meaning, e.g. time lines, substitution tables, diagrams, cartoons…

6.  Elicit more examples from students to further check and promote understanding.

7.  Students practice new language in a limited, controlled way focusing on form and accuracy.

8.  Students then practice new language in a more authentic, freer way focusing on meaning and fluency.

9.  Finally, the teacher raises students’ awareness as to what they have learned.

NOTE: Grammar needn’t always be taught in the following manner:

1. Clarification (C)
2. Restricted use (R)
3. Authentic use (A).

Instead, we can use a variety of approaches: CRRA, RCR, ACA, RCA, ACRA. Adapt your approach to your students’ abilities and current knowledge of the item.

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